The Strength and Strengthening of Ceramics
AbstractThere are several mechanisms by which materials may be strengthened as listed: (i) Strain (or work) hardening in ductile ceramics, (ii) Solid-solution strengthening by pinning dislocations...
View ArticleImperfections (Defects) in Ceramics
AbstractThe periodic nature of crystalline materials can be interrupted by imperfections. The relevant imperfection determining the mechanical properties of ceramics are point defects, or dislocations,...
View ArticleMechanical Testing of Ceramics
AbstractThis chapter considers the most common mechanical testing methods which are usually expected to be performed by students entering the first time into a lab. Tensile test-related parameters are...
View ArticleDiffusion in Si 3 N 4
AbstractThe interest in Si3N4 is associated with the desire to find and develop a suitable ceramic for high-temperature applications, particularly for gas turbines. It is a predominantly covalent...
View ArticleDiffusion in MgO (Magnesia or Periclase)
AbstractMgO is an ionically bounded ceramics with extremely high melting point of ~2852 °C. It has excellent insulating properties with high temperature stability. MgO single crystal is a commonly used...
View ArticleDiffusion in Alumina Single CrystalsAlumina
AbstractAlumina one of the oxide ceramics is the most cost effective and widely used material. With an excellent combination of properties and attractive price alumina has a wide range of application....
View ArticleSelf-diffusion, Solute Diffusion, Diffusion in Ionic Crystals and Correlation...
AbstractSelf-diffusion, solute diffusion, diffusion in ionic crystals and correlation effects are the topic of this chapter. Ionic crystals are included in this chapter since many, if not all, ceramics...
View ArticleDiffusion in ZrO 2 (Zirconia)
AbstractZirconia is usually stabilized by additives such as yttria, calcia or scandia. The most common stabilizing agent is yttria. Most zirconia applications take advantage of its high-temperature...
View ArticleDiffusion in Silicon Carbide (Carborundum)
AbstractIn this chapter α-SiC is the main consideration, which is a very hard ceramic and therefore is extensively used as abrasive, but also in applications requiring high endurance. Related to these...
View ArticleExperimental Methods and Procedures
AbstractThis chapter is devoted to the quantitative evaluation of D and its variation with temperature. By such measurements, two very important parameters are determined, namely, the pre-exponential...
View ArticleDiffusion in Grain Boundaries
AbstractAlthough single crystals are used for many purposes, polycrystalline material is the major structure in technological applications. Grain boundaries therefore are unavoidable feature of...
View ArticleDefects in Materials
AbstractFor diffusion to occur in ceramics it is essential to state that the mechanism of diffusion must proceed by point defects exchange with atoms. The reason for this is that ceramics are...
View ArticleMacroscopic Diffusion
AbstractTransport in materials including ceramics is studied along the classical two Fick’s laws. Fick’s second law is strictly valid for homogeneous crystals, but it is applicable for tracer and...
View ArticleDiffusion in Dislocations
AbstractDiffusion in dislocation is a short-circuit diffusion often referred to as pipe diffusion. Diffusion usually is several orders of magnitude faster than in the lattice. Diffusion in dislocations...
View ArticleInterdiffusion
AbstractThe classical work on inter-diffusion was performed by Kirkendall (Trans AIME 147:104, 1942) who studies the intermixing in the Cu–Ni diffusion couple. Directly related to this is Darken’s...
View ArticleEmpirical Rules
AbstractThe extent to which empirical relations have been tested for the estimation of diffusion data in ceramic diffusion systems is not known to the author. However, some of the known empirical...
View ArticleMechanism of Diffusion
AbstractDiffusion mechanisms in material including ceramic materials are either via vacancy, direct interstitial or interstitialcy mechanisms. The most dominant of these is the vacancy mechanism. For...
View ArticleMicroscopic (or Atomic) Diffusion
AbstractRandom motion of atoms is described in this chapter. The movement of a substance within a mixture by ‘random walk’ is governed by the kinetic energy within the system that may be affected by...
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